Salivary Markers Responses in the Post-Exercise and Recovery Period: A Systematic Review

Author:

Neves Rafael Santos1ORCID,da Silva Marco Antônio Rabelo12,de Rezende Mônica A. C.13,Caldo-Silva Adriana14ORCID,Pinheiro João5ORCID,Santos Amândio M. C.14ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal

2. Faculty of Physical Education, University of Amazônia, Santarém 68040-255, Brazil

3. Faculty of Physical Education, Federal University of Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil

4. Research Centre for Sport and Physical Activity, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal

5. Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal

Abstract

The use of saliva to monitor immune and hormonal responses in training, competitions, and during recovery is an easy and non-invasive alternative means of collecting samples compared to serum collection. Saliva can provide insight into a number of interesting biomarkers such as cortisol, testosterone, immunoglobulins, alpha-amylase, and melatonin, among others. High-intensity and exhaustive exercises, such as training or competition, provide variations in immune, protein and hormonal markers. An adequate recovery period, calming down, and recovery methods can contribute to a fast normalization of these markers, decreasing illness, as well as the likelihood of overtraining and injuries, but their effectiveness is still inconclusive. The aim of this review was to investigate the evidence of salivary markers in post-exhaustive exercise during the recovery period. This study is a systematic review from three electronic databases with studies from 2011 to 2021 within healthy humans. The search found 213 studies, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, while excluding duplicated studies, 14 studies were included in this review. The most cited salivary markers were cortisol and testosterone, as well as their ratio, alpha-amylase and IgA. Half of the studies applied a variety of recovery methods that showed controversial results over salivary markers’ impact. However, they showed an impact on the markers from the exercise, which was still dependent on exercise intensity, methodology, and duration.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine

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