Characteristics of PM2.5 Chemical Species in 23 Chinese Cities Identified Using a Vehicular Platform

Abstract

PM2.5 pollution remains a significant concern in China due to its adverse environmental and health implications. This study aims to explore in depth the differences in the causes of PM2.5 pollution between some regions in China based on high temporal resolution PM2.5 component information. We used a particulate matter chemical composition vehicle (PMCCV) as a mobile monitoring platform which travelled among 23 cities in China from March 2018 to December 2019 to collect PM2.5 concentrations and chemical composition data. Observations revealed that PM2.5 concentrations were notably higher in northern cities compared than their southern counterparts. Seasonal variation was evident, with peak concentrations during winter and troughs during summer. In regions experiencing severe winter pollution, such as Hebei and Shanxi (HB/SX), organic matter (OM) emerged as the dominant contributor (47.3%), escalating with increasing PM2.5 concentrations. OM significantly impacted PM2.5 levels during autumn in Jiangxi and Anhui (AH/JX) and across the monitoring period in Liuzhou, Guangxi (GX), with the former related to vehicle emissions and the latter related to bagasse reuse and biomass burning emissions. Conversely, nitrate (NO3−) made the highest contribution to PM2.5 during winter in the AH/JX region (34.4%), which was attributed to reduced SO2 levels and favorable low-temperature conditions conducive to nitrate condensation. Notably, nitrate contribution to HB/SX rose notably in heavily polluted winter conditions and during light–moderate pollution episodes in the autumn. Sulfate (SO42−) was dominant among PM2.5 components during summer in the study regions (29.9% in HB/SX, 36.1% in HN/SD, and 49.7% in AH/JX). Additionally, pollution incidents in Chuzhou, Anhui Province, and Baoding, Hebei Province, underscored nitrates and organic matter, respectively, as the primary causes of sharp PM2.5 increases. These incidents highlighted the influence of large emissions of primary aerosols, gaseous precursors, and stagnant meteorological conditions as pivotal factors driving haze pollution in the HB/SX region.