Is competitive ability the key adaptation to benign environments? Revisiting experiments on closely related species of tidal plants

Abstract

A central goal in biology is to understand which traits underlie adaptation to different environments. Yet, few studies have examined the relative contribution of competitive ability towards adaptive divergence among species occupying distinct environments. Here we test the relative importance of competitive ability as an adaptation to relatively benign versus challenging environments, using previous, published studies of closely related species pairs of primarily tidal plants subjected to reciprocal removal with transplant experiments in nature. Subordinate species typically occupy more challenging environments and showed consistent evidence for adaptation to challenging conditions, with no significant competitive effect on nonlocal, dominant species. In contrast, dominant species typically occupy relatively benign environments, and performed significantly better than nonlocal, subordinate species that faced competition from the dominant species. Surprisingly, when the two species were not allowed to compete, subordinate species performed as well as the dominant species in the benign environments where the subordinate species does not occur. These results suggest that competitive ability is the most important adaptation distinguishing the species that occupy relatively benign environments. The limited scope and number of suitable experimental studies encourage future work to test if these results are generalizable across taxa and environments.