Dynamics Implementation of De-Radicalism Policy to Prevent Terrorism in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

Objective: This study aims to evaluate and describe the dynamics of deradicalization policies in preventing terrorism. Terrorism has caused security disturbances, and damage in many countries. Various theories and perspectives regarding de-radicalization policies have been developed in many countries to avoid acts of radicalism and terrorism. Case studies regarding de-radicalization policy initiatives in various nations must be researched in greater depth in order to find the optimal synthesis model.   Theoretical framework: Radicalism and terrorism are two types of international crimes that are extremely damaging to society and the Nations (Nashir & Si, 2019). Radicalism is not the same as terrorism, But both of them are closely connected (Nashir & Si, 2019). This crime has a substantial and catastrophic impact on individuals, communities, and the state (Taskarina et al., 2022) The United Nations Session in Vienna, Austria in 2000, concluded that acts of extremism and terrorism are serious crimes that must be dealt with swiftly via international collaboration (Phelps, 2021). In different nations, the De-radicalization policy program has shown to be a successful method of reducing radical activities and terrorism. De-radicalization is accomplished by increasing understanding among perpetrators of radicals, terrorists,  through socialization and education (Petrus Reinhard Golose, 2009; Safii, 2019; Sembiring, 2019)   Method: This study uses a systematic literature review technique, in the field of de-radicalization policies to prevent acts of radicalism and terrorism. Our research strategy is based on the idea that a full understanding of research findings requires comparison with other research findings. The author searches the database with Scopus; PubMed (Medline); Google Scholarship; JSTOR; CONTENT Web of Science for papers. And using the following inclusion criteria: (1)articles in Indonesian and English with a full text published in open access journals, peer-reviewed, and in the last 5 (five) years of publication in 2019-2023; (2)related articles with titles and abstracts; (3)keywords: Deradicalisation; Radicalism, Terrorism; Policy Implementation; National Counter Terrorism Agency; and (4) research methods. Titles and abstracts were checked to see if the inclusion criteria were one, two, three, and four. The results are obtained based on the integration of evidence from previous studies that have been identified and analyzed through patterns, trends, or conclusions that can help strengthen understanding in the field of De-radicalization policy research.   Results and Conclusions: The synthesis research show that the success rate of De-radicalization policy implementation, will depend on the design of the program on the variable content of the policy. De-radicalization must be interpreted as work that emerges after the basics of radicalism have been identified. Because every perpetrator of radicalism is different and varied, further studies are needed to produce a more comprehensive and adaptive De-radicalization module. The combination of hard tactics and soft approaches adopted by the government in dealing with radicalism and terrorism has advantages and disadvantages. In the context of the fight against terrorism and radicalism, the concept of De-radicalization must be used for the fight against "the ideology", for "counter-radicalism and/or counter-terrorism".   Implications of the research: The De-radicalization policy strategy is oriented towards persuasive, proactive, and adaptive actions, as well as protecting human rights. It is carried out using the "ideological awareness" approach through education and outreach. The concept of De-radicalization must be strengthened by the government's commitment to eliminating social and economic inequality. The De-radicalization program is carried out holistically and inclusively, by involving all levels of society and cross-sectoral collaboration.   Originality/value: The novelty of this research is the establishment of a theoretical model for De-radicalization programs based on a synthesis of case studies with various complexities and variables originating from different countries with different origins and different challenges. In order to provide suggestions for decision-makers that are more comprehensive, adaptable, and representative.