1. Orientalisms in the Americas: A Hemispheric Approach to Asian American History
2. An Act to Restrict and Regulate Chinese Immigration into Canada, Jul. 20, 1885, ch. 71, 1885, S.C. 207–12 (Can.) Canada raised its head tax to $100 in 1900 and then $500 in 1903. An Act Respecting and Restricting Chinese Immigration, Jul. 18, 1900, ch. 32, 1900 S.C. 215–21 (Can.); An Act Respecting and Restricting Chinese Immigration, ch. 8, 1903 S.C. 105–11 (Can.). The 1923 Exclusion Act completely abolished the head tax system and instead prohibited all people of Chinese origin or descent from entering the country. Consular officials, children born in Canada, merchants, and students were exempted. An Act Respecting Chinese Immigration, 1923. Acts of the Parliament of the Dominion of Canada (Ottawa: Brown Chamberlin, Law Printer, 1923), Chapter 32, section 8. Library and Archives of Canada, available online at www.collectionscanada.ca/immigrants/021017-150-e.php?uid=021017-nlc011076&uidc=recKey as of January 11, 2007.
3. For example, see Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration Report of the Royal Commission on Chinese and Japanese Immigration, 1902 (New York: Arno Press, 1978): 379. Many whites also suspected that Japanese immigrants were actually a colonizing force sent from Japan to take over the West Coast of North America.