1. Yen Le Espiritu,Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities(Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), 15.
2. Michael Omi and Howard Winant,Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994), 54–55.
3. Here, more than a matter of semantics, we choose not to use the term racial identity, and opt for ethnic identity instead, even when referring to identities forged by perceptions of race. Those identified by others as members of a particular race may not necessarily identity with that race, and race does not imply specific cultures or histories of a group intrinsically. People who identify with a race have taken an objectified perception and have incorporated it into their own perception of self. In so doing, they have many times added a culture, history (many times of subjugation, oppression, and discrimination), and common fate to race. Race has become ethnicized, and ethnicity has become racialized. For further discussion, see Tamotsu Shibutani and Kian M. Kwan,Ethnic Stratification: A Comparative Approach(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965), 154–158.