Human microbiome: general information and clinical significance of digestive canal eubiosis

Abstract

The resent investigations demonstrate the key role of the human microbiome in the formation of homeostasis, highlight the microbiota effects on a human immune system, its development and physiology, including organo- and morphogenesis, as well as metabolism. According to the current data obtained with the use of metagenomic, metatranscriptomic, metaproteomic and metabolic approaches, the number of microorganisms that inhabit the human body is 10 times greater than the number of cells in a human body. The total microbiome contains more than 5 million genes, which is ten times greater than the human genome. The billions of bacteria that live in our body can significantly affect the risk of chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, infectious endocarditis, systemic and autoimmune diseases, allergic diseases, diabetes, obesity, gastrointestinal pathology, oncology diseases and some mental disorders (attention deficit disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, autism syndrome, depression, etc.). The state of dynamic equilibrium between the macro-organism, the micro-organisms that inhabit it and the environment — eubiosis is important. This review provides general information on the major constituents of human microbiome biotopes and the clinical significance of digestive tract eubiosis, discusses promising areas of research and correction of microbiocenosis. The most studied, numerical and significant biotope, the functions of which are practically approaching the functions of the liver, are considered — the gut microbiome and its modern methods of research. The expediency of prescribing probiotic agents in a number of chronic diseases to maintain eubiosis is substantiated. A promising area is the study of different biotopes of human microbiome using modern diagnostic methods, which will better predict the risks of chronic diseases and bring the therapeutic approach closer to personalized medicine.