1. Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Univ., Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan (corresponding author). E-mail address:
2. Senior Engineer, IDEA Consultants, Inc., 2-2-2 Hayabuchi, Tsuduki, Yokohama, Kanagawa 224-0025, Japan.
3. Assistant Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Univ., Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.
4. Honorary Research Fellow, School of Engineering, Univ. of Liverpool, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool L69 3GH, U.K.
5. Research Officer, National Civil Engineering Laboratory, Harbours and Maritime Structures Division, Ave. do Brasil 101, Lisbon 1700-066, Portugal.