1. Professor, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Univ. of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
2. Research Fellow, Civil Engineering Division, Univ. of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.
3. Research Professor, Civil Engineering Division, Univ. of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland.