1. Associate Professor, Division of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kitami Institute of Technology, 165 Koen-cho, Kitami, Hokkaido 090-8507, Japan (corresponding author). ORCID: .
2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Urban Management, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto Daigaku Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8540, Japan. ORCID:
3. Professor Emeritus, Kyoto Univ., Kyoto, Japan.