1. McCormick Institute Professor and W. P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Materials Science, Northwestern Univ., 2145 Sheridan Rd., CEE, Evanston, IL 60208 (corresponding author). E-mail: z-bazant@northwestern.edu
2. Graduate Research Assistant and Doctoral Candidate, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL 60208. E-mail: qiangyu@northwestern.edu