1. Grad. Res. Asst., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3905.
2. Asst. Prof., Dept. of Civ. Engrg., The Univ. of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3905 (corresponding author). E-mail: Qiao@uakron.edu
3. C. W. Benedum Distinguished Teaching Prof., Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., West Virginia Univ., Morgantown, WV 26506-6103.