1. Research Fellow, Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto ON, Canada M5S 1A4.
2. Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto ON, Canada M5S 1A4.
3. Assistant Professor, Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto ON, Canada M5S 1A4 (corresponding author). E-mail: hofmann@ecf.utoronto.ca
4. Professor, Dept. Civil Engineering, Univ. of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto ON, Canada M5S 1A4.
5. Assistant Professor, Ivan Curry School of Engineering, Acadia Univ., Wolfville NS, Canada B4P 2R6.