1. Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
2. Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.
3. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Minnesota, 500 Pillsbury Dr. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 (corresponding author). E-mail: arnol032@umn.edu