1. Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern Univ., 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208-3109 (corresponding author).
2. Exponent Failure Analysis Assoc., 2 North Riverside Plaza, Suite 1400, Chicago, IL 60606; formerly, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern Univ., 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208-3109.
3. Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B9.
4. Vice-Principal Research, Queen’s Univ., Kingston, ON, Canada K7L 3N6; formerly, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of Western Ontario, ON, Canada N6A 5B9.