1. Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, China; and, Professor, School of Civil Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 2554, 202 Haihe Rd., NanGang District, Harbin 150090, People’s Republic of China (corresponding author).
2. Research Engineer, Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8663, Gaithersburg, MD 20899.