1. Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI (corresponding author).
2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI.
3. Professor and Director, Centre for Infrastructure Performance and Reliability, School of Engineering, Univ. of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.