1. Ph.D. Research Student, Dept. of Civil and Building Engineering, Tamale Polytechnic, P.O. Box 3E/R, Ghana; formerly, Graduate Student, Dept. of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough Univ., Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, U.K. (corresponding author).
2. Professor and Chair, Dept. of Civil and Building Engineering, Loughborough Univ., Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, U.K.