1. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI 49931 (corresponding author).
2. Graduate Research Assistant, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological Univ., Houghton, MI 49931.
3. George T. Abell Professor in Infrastructure, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523-1372.