1. Manager, Nippon Steel and Sumikin Engineering Co. Ltd., Osaki Center Building, 1-5-1 Osaki, Shinagawa, Tokyo 141-8604, Japan; formerly, Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Miki, Hyogo 673-0515, Japan.
2. Associate Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan; formerly, Researcher, National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Miki, Hyogo 673-0515, Japan (corresponding author).
3. Director of Hyogo Earthquake Engineering Research Center (E-Defense), National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, Miki, Hyogo 673-0515, Japan.
4. Professor, Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto Univ., Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan.