1. Dean and Univ. Distinguished Professor, College of Engineering, Lawrence Technological Univ., Southfield, MI 48075.
2. Manager, Tokyo Rope Manufacturing Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
3. Graduate Student, Center for Innovative Materials Research, Lawrence Technological Univ., Southfield, MI 48075.
4. Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Center for Innovative Materials Research, Lawrence Technological Univ., Southfield, MI 48075 (corresponding author).