1. Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hokkai Gakuen Univ., 1-1 Nishi 11, Minami 26, Chuo-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 064-0926, Japan (corresponding author). ORCID: .
2. Professor, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido Univ., Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
3. Professor, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Univ. of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616.