1. Civil Engineering Dept., Ryerson Univ., 350 Victoria St., Toronto ON, Canada M5B 2K3; formerly, Graduate Student.
2. Associate Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Ryerson Univ., 350 Victoria St., Toronto ON, Canada M5B 2K3 (corresponding author).
3. Professor, Civil Engineering Dept., Ryerson Univ., Toronto ON, Canada M5B 2K3.
4. Head, Bridge Research, Bridge Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, 301 St. Paul St., St. Catharines ON, Canada L2R 7R4.