1. Fellow, ASCE
2. Res. Fellow, ACE-MRL, Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2125.
3. Prof. and Dir., ACE-MRL, Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbror, MI (corresponding author). E-mail: vcli@engin. umich.edu
4. Grad. Student, ACE-MRL, Dept. of Civ. and Envir. Engrg., Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
5. Engr., Industrial Goods Development Dept., Kuraray Co., Ltd., Okayama Plant, 1-2-1 Kaigandori, Okayama City, Okayama 702-8045, Japan.