1. Francis Oakley, a Fellow of the American Academy since 1998, is president emeritus and Edward Dorr Griffin Professor of the History of Ideas at Williams College. He is also president emeritus of the American Council of Learned Societies. His most recent publications include “The Conciliarist Tradition: Constitutionalism in the Catholic Church, 1300–1870” (2003), “Natural Law, Laws of Nature, Natural Rights: Continuity and Discontinuity in the History of Ideas” (2005), and “Kingship: The Politics of...