Signal Events: Cell Signal Transduction and Its Inhibition in Cancer

Abstract

Abstract Learning Objectives After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Recognize the importance of identifying new molecular targets for cancer therapy and how they relate to the development of novel therapeutic agents with high therapeutic indices and low toxicity. Explain the process of signal transduction (specifically the ErbB family of receptors and the mTOR pathways) and how it relates to cell growth, differentiation, and survival, and describe the effects of aberrations in signal transduction on the development of neoplasms. Describe some of the novel targeted therapies that have been developed and explain the mechanisms by which signal transduction inhibitors inhibit tumor growth and induce tumor regression in patients with cancer. Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com Signal transduction refers to communication processes used by regulatory molecules to mediate the essential cell processes of growth, differentiation, and survival. Signal transduction elements interact through complex biochemically related networks. Aberrations in signal transduction elements can lead to increased proliferative potential, sustained angiogenesis, tissue invasion and metastasis, and apoptosis inhibition. Most human neoplasms have aberrant signal transduction elements. Several compounds that target aberrant signal transduction elements, such as those in the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase receptors and mammalian target of rapamycin, are in development. To date, commercially available signal-transduction-targeting compounds include trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody against the ErbB-2 receptor for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer overexpressing the ErbB-2 (HER-2) receptor, and gefitinib, an inhibitor of the ErbB-1 receptor tyrosine kinase that recently received regulatory approval for the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. In contrast to traditional cytotoxic treatments, although signal transduction inhibitors are capable of inducing tumor regression, particularly in malignancies that are principally driven by specific target aberrations, preclinical and early clinical investigations suggest that their predominant beneficial effects are growth inhibitory in nature; therefore, new clinical trial designs and evaluation end points may be required to ultimately assess their value. Prospective profiling of patients and tumors to determine treatment response is also essential to the success of these clinical trials. However, responsiveness to these novel therapies is dependent on a multitude of factors that ultimately determine the robustness and quality of the downstream response.