The β Cell in Diabetes: Integrating Biomarkers With Functional Measures

Author:

Kahn Steven E1ORCID,Chen Yi-Chun234ORCID,Esser Nathalie1ORCID,Taylor Austin J234ORCID,van Raalte Daniël H56ORCID,Zraika Sakeneh1ORCID,Verchere C Bruce234ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, 98108 WA, USA

2. BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada

3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada

4. Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 4H4, Canada

5. Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Vrije Universiteit (VU) University Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

6. Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center, 1007 MB Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Abstract

Abstract The pathogenesis of hyperglycemia observed in most forms of diabetes is intimately tied to the islet β cell. Impairments in propeptide processing and secretory function, along with the loss of these vital cells, is demonstrable not only in those in whom the diagnosis is established but typically also in individuals who are at increased risk of developing the disease. Biomarkers are used to inform on the state of a biological process, pathological condition, or response to an intervention and are increasingly being used for predicting, diagnosing, and prognosticating disease. They are also proving to be of use in the different forms of diabetes in both research and clinical settings. This review focuses on the β cell, addressing the potential utility of genetic markers, circulating molecules, immune cell phenotyping, and imaging approaches as biomarkers of cellular function and loss of this critical cell. Further, we consider how these biomarkers complement the more long-established, dynamic, and often complex measurements of β-cell secretory function that themselves could be considered biomarkers.

Publisher

The Endocrine Society

Subject

Endocrinology,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

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