Melatonin Controls Photoperiodic Changes in Tanycyte Vimentin and Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule Expression in the Djungarian Hamster (Phodopus sungorus)

Abstract

The Djungarian hamster displays photoperiodic variations in gonadal size synchronized to the seasons by the nightly secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin. In short photoperiod (SP), the gonads regress in size, and circulating sex steroids levels decline. Thus, the brain is subject to seasonal variations of both melatonin and sex steroids. Tanycytes are specialized glial cells located in the ependymal lining of the third ventricle. They send processes either to the meninges or to blood vessels of the medio-basal hypothalamus. Furthermore, they are known to locally modulate GnRH release in the median eminence and to display seasonal structural changes. Seasonal changes in tanycyte morphology might be mediated either through melatonin or sex steroids. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of photoperiod, melatonin, and sex steroids 1) on tanycyte vimentin expression by immunohistochemistry and 2) on the expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and polysialic acid as markers of brain plasticity. Vimentin immunostaining was reduced in tanycyte cell bodies and processes in SP. Similarly, tanycytes and their processes contained lower amounts of NCAM in SP. These changes induced by SP exposure could not be restored to long photoperiod (LP) levels by testosterone supplementation. Likewise, castration in LP did not affect tanycyte vimentin or NCAM expression. By contrast, late afternoon melatonin injections mimicking a SP-like melatonin peak in LP hamsters reduced vimentin and NCAM expression. Thus, the seasonal changes in vimentin and NCAM expression in tanycytes are regulated by melatonin independently of seasonal sex steroid changes.