Activation of the Hexosamine Pathway Leads to Phosphorylation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 on Ser307 and Ser612 and Impairs the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/Akt/Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Insulin Biosynthetic Pathway in RIN Pancreatic β-Cells

Abstract

AbstractMany adverse effects of glucose were attributed to its increased routing through the hexosamine pathway (HBP). There is evidence for an autocrine role of the insulin signaling in β-cell function. We tested the hypothesis that activation of the HBP induces defects in insulin biosynthesis by affecting the insulin-mediated protein translation signaling. Exposure of human pancreatic islets and RIN β-cells to glucosamine resulted in reduction in glucose- and insulin-stimulated insulin biosynthesis, which in RIN β-cells was associated with impairment in insulin-stimulated insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) phosphorylation at Tyr608 and Tyr628, which are essential for engaging phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase). These changes were accompanied by impaired activation of PI 3-kinase, and activation of Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable protein-1/p70S6 kinase pathway. RIN β-cells exposed to high glucose exhibited increased c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and ERK1/2 activity, which was associated with increased IRS-1 phosphorylation at serine (Ser)307 and Ser612, respectively, that inhibits coupling of IRS-1 to the insulin receptor and is upstream of the inhibition of IRS-1 tyrosine phosphorylation. Azaserine reverted the stimulatory effects of high glucose on JNK and ERK1/2 activity and IRS-1 phosphorylation at Ser307 and Ser612. Glucosamine mimicked the stimulatory effects of high glucose on JNK and ERK1/2 activity and IRS-1 phosphorylation at Ser307 and Ser612. Inhibition of JNK and MAPK kinase-1 activity reverted the negative effects of glucosamine on insulin-mediated protein synthesis. These results suggest that activation of the HBP accounts, in part, for glucose-induced phosphorylation at Ser307 and Ser612 of IRS-1 mediated by JNK and ERK1/2, respectively. These changes result in impaired coupling of IRS-1 and PI 3-kinase, and activation of the Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin/phosphorylated heat- and acid-stable protein-1/p70S6 kinase pathway.