Association Between Advanced Glycation End Products and Sarcopenia: The Mediating Role of Osteoporosis

Abstract

Abstract Context Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a group of molecules formed through nonenzymatic reactions. These compounds are associated with several age-related diseases, including sarcopenia and osteoporosis. Objective This work aimed to investigate the relationships between AGEs, osteoporosis, and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Methods This cross-sectional study included 1991 older adults aged 72.37 ± 5.90 years from China. AGE levels were measured by the AGE Reader device. Bone mineral density was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and osteoporosis was diagnosed based on a T score of less than −2.5. Sarcopenia was defined as loss of muscle mass plus loss of muscle strength and/or reduced physical performance. Presarcopenia was defined as low muscle mass with normal muscle strength and normal physical performance. Results The prevalence of sarcopenia was 18.5%, and that of osteoporosis was 40.5%. Compared to the lowest AGE quartile, the highest AGE quartile showed a significant association with sarcopenia (odds ratio [OR] 2.42; 95% CI, 1.60-3.66) (P for trend <.001), but not with presarcopenia. Per-SD increase in AGE was associated with higher odds of sarcopenia (OR 1.44; 95% CI, 1.26-1.66). Additionally, in the mediation analysis, when AGEs were treated as a continuous variable (the mediation effect is denoted by Za*Zb = 18.81; 95% CI, 8.07-32.32]—the 95% CI does not contain zero, representing a significant mediating effect) or a categorical variable (the mediating effect is expressed as Zmediation = 3.01 > 1.96, which represents a significant mediating effect), osteoporosis played a partial mediating role in the association between AGEs and sarcopenia. Conclusion Elevated AGEs are associated with sarcopenia but not with presarcopenia. This association was partially mediated by osteoporosis.