The Risks of Cardiovascular Disease Following Weight Change in Adults With Diabetes: A Cohort Study and Meta-analysis

Abstract

Abstract Context Weight management is recognized as critical in reducing cardiometabolic risk factors for adults with diabetes, but the effects of weight change on cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes are unknown. Objective To evaluate 18-month weight change and subsequent risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in established individuals with type 2 diabetes. Design and Setting This study consisted of a cohort study and a meta-analysis. In the cohort study, weight change over 18 months was divided into gain ≥ 5%, gain 1% to 5%, stable -1% to 1%, loss 1% to 5%, and loss ≥ 5%. Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs. We then used random-effect models to pool the results combing our study with other relevant studies. Results In the cohort study, 8920 participants with valid weight measurements were included. Compared with patients with stable weight, higher risks were seen in those with weight change for total vascular complications (gain ≥ 5%: HR = 1.43, 95% CI, 1.10-1.85; gain 1%-5%: HR = 1.44, 95% CI, 1.02-2.03; loss ≥ 5%: HR = 1.58, 95% CI, 1.20-2.08), macrovascular complications (gain ≥ 5%: HR = 1.84, 95% CI, 1.16-2.91; loss 1%-5%: HR = 1.91, 95% CI, 1.06-3.43; loss ≥ 5%: HR = 2.18, 95% CI, 1.36-3.49) and microvascular complications (loss ≥ 5%: HR = 1.48, 95% CI: 1.06–2.06). Meta-analysis also showed similar results. Conclusions Weight gain and loss over 18 months among patients with type 2 diabetes, especially weight change ≥ 5%, may be a warning sign of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.