Nonoperative, Active Surveillance of Larger Malignant and Suspicious Thyroid Nodules

Abstract

Abstract Context Active surveillance for papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) meeting criteria for surgical resection is uncommon. Which patients may prove reasonable candidates for this approach is not well defined. Objective This work aimed to examine the feasibility and safety of active surveillance for patients with known or suspected intrathyroidal PTC up to 4 cm in diameter. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of all consecutive patients who underwent nonoperative active surveillance of suspicious or malignant thyroid nodules over a 20-year period from 2001 to 2021. We included patients with an initial ultrasound–fine-needle aspiration confirming either (a) Bethesda 5 or 6 cytology or (b) a “suspicious” Afirma molecular test. The primary outcomes and measures included the rate of adverse oncologic outcomes (mortality and recurrence), as well as the cumulative incidence of size/volume growth. Results Sixty-nine patients were followed with active surveillance for 1 year or longer (average 55 months), with 26 patients (38%) having nodules 2 cm or larger. No patients were found to develop new-incident occurrence of lymph node or distant metastasis. One patient, however, demonstrated concern for progression to a dedifferentiated cancer on repeat core biopsy 17 years after initial start of nonoperative selection. A total of 21% of patients had an increase in maximum diameter more than 3 mm, while volume increase of 50% or greater was noted in 25% of patients. Thirteen patients ultimately underwent delayed (rescue) surgery, and no disease recurrence was noted after such treatment. Age and initial nodule size were not predictors of nodule growth. Conclusion These data expand consideration of active surveillance of PTC in select patients with intrathyroidal suspected malignancy greater than 1 cm in diameter. Rescue surgery, if required at a later time point, appears effective.