Affiliation:
1. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medical and Health Science, The University of Auckland , Auckland 1141 , New Zealand
2. Department of Gynecological Cancer, Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 214002 , China
Abstract
Abstract
It is well known that many factors, including infertility, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and family history of cancer, increase the risk of developing endometrial and ovarian cancer. However, multiparous women are known to have a lower risk of developing either ovarian or endometrial cancer than nonparous women. The lack of ovulation and shifting of sex hormonal balance, with decreased estrogen levels and increased progesterone levels during pregnancy, has traditionally been thought to be the major contributor to this decreased risk. However, in reality, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are relatively unknown. Increasing evidence suggests that endocrine factors are unlikely to completely explain the protective effect of pregnancies, and that multiple other nonendocrine mechanisms including fetal antigens and the newly proposed dormant cells hypothesis may also be involved. In this review, we summarize recent evidence and describe the potential underlying mechanisms that may explain how pregnancy protects against the development of ovarian and endometrial cancers in women's later life.