Affiliation:
1. Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
2. Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London W6 8RF, UK
Abstract
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to exert a significant impact on global health care systems, causing devastating mortality and morbidity. As time passes and our understanding of this novel respiratory virus deepens, it is increasingly clear that its effects extend beyond that of the respiratory system. The coronavirus responsible for COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, obtains cellular access through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor in a process requiring the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) protein. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are widely expressed in many endocrine glands. This, along with several case reports of thyroid and pituitary disruption in patients with COVID-19, has resulted in significant interest in its impact on the endocrine system. Indeed, as mortality is abated by the increasing availability of effective vaccines, there is increasing focus on the long-term effects on health in COVID-19 survivors. This review summarizes data investigating the effects of COVID-19 on each of the endocrine axes to guide appropriate investigations and optimal management.
Funder
National Institute for Health Research
NIHR Imperial Clinical Research Facility
NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Medical Research Council
Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
NIHR Clinical Lectureships
NIHR Clinician Scientist Award
NIHR Professorship
NIHR Senior Investigator Award
Cited by
63 articles.
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