Cigarette Smoking during Pregnancy Is Associated with Alterations in Maternal and Fetal Thyroid Function

Author:

Shields Beverley1,Hill Anita1,Bilous Mary2,Knight Beatrice1,Hattersley Andrew T.1,Bilous Rudy W.2,Vaidya Bijay1

Affiliation:

1. Department of Endocrinology (B.S., A.H., B.K., A.T.H., B.V.), Peninsula Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Exeter EX2 5DW, United Kingdom

2. Department of Endocrinology (M.B., R.W.B.), James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough TS4 3BW, United Kingdom

Abstract

Abstract Context: Studies in the general population have shown lower serum TSH levels in smokers as compared with nonsmokers. Aim: Our aim was to examine whether smoking is associated with changes in thyroid function of pregnant women and their fetus. Subjects and Methods: We examined the relationship between smoking and thyroid function (serum TSH, free T4, and free T3) in two independent cohorts of pregnant women without a history of thyroid disorder or an overt biochemical thyroid dysfunction: 1) first-trimester cohort (median gestation 9 wk) (n = 1428) and 2) third-trimester cohort (gestation 28 wk) (n = 927). We also analyzed the relationship between maternal smoking and thyroid hormone levels in cord serum of 618 full-term babies born to the women in the third-trimester cohort. Results: In smokers compared with nonsmokers, median serum TSH was lower (first-trimester cohort: 1.02 vs. 1.17 mIU/liter, P = 0.001; third-trimester cohort: 1.72 vs. 1.90 mIU/liter, P = 0.037), and median serum FT3 was higher (first-trimester cohort: 5.1 vs. 4.9 pmol/liter, P < 0.0001; third-trimester cohort: 4.4 vs. 4.1 pmol/liter, P < 0.0001). In both cohorts, serum FT4 in smokers and nonsmokers were similar. The prevalence of anti-thyroperoxidase antibodies was also similar in smokers and nonsmokers in both cohorts. Cord serum TSH of babies born to smokers was lower than of those born to nonsmokers (6.7 vs. 8.1 mIU/liter, P = 0.009). Conclusions: Cigarette smoking is associated with changes in maternal thyroid function throughout the pregnancy and in fetal thyroid function as measured in cord blood samples.

Publisher

The Endocrine Society

Subject

Biochemistry (medical),Clinical Biochemistry,Endocrinology,Biochemistry,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism

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