Atypical Expression of Type 2 Iodothyronine Deiodinase in Thyrotrophs Explains the Thyroxine-Mediated Pituitary Thyrotropin Feedback Mechanism

Abstract

T4, the main product of thyroid secretion, is a critical signal in plasma that mediates the TSH-negative feedback mechanism. As a prohormone, T4 must be converted to T3 to acquire biological activity; thus, type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) is expected to play a critical role in this feedback mechanism. However, the mechanistic details of this pathway are still missing because, counterintuitively, D2 activity is rapidly lost in the presence of T4 by a ubiquitin-proteasomal mechanism. In the present study, we demonstrate that D2 and TSH are coexpressed in rat pituitary thyrotrophs and that hypothyroidism increases D2 expression in these cells. Studies using two murine-derived thyrotroph cells, TtT-97 and TαT1, demonstrate high expression of D2 in thyrotrophs and confirm its sensitivity to negative regulation by T4-induced proteasomal degradation of this enzyme. Despite this, expression of the Dio2 gene in TαT1 cells is higher than their T4-induced D2 ubiquitinating capacity. As a result, D2 activity and net T3 production in these cells are sustained, even at free T4 concentrations that are severalfold above the physiological range. In this system, free T4 concentrations and net D2-mediated T3 production correlated negatively with TSHβ gene expression. These results resolve the apparent paradox between the homeostatic regulation of D2 and its role in mediating the critical mechanism by which T4 triggers the TSH-negative feedback.