1. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle, WA 98105 USA;
2. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Long Marine Laboratory, University of California Santa Cruz, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA; Nhydra Ecological Consulting, Head of St. Margaret's Bay, NS
3. Hakai Institute, PO Box 309, Heriot Bay, BC V0P 1H0 Canada; Applied Conservation Science Lab, University of Victoria, PO Box 3060 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 3R4 Canada
4. Conservation Biology Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E, Seattle, WA 98112 USA
5. School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, 1122 NE Boat Street Seattle, WA 98105 USA