Jordan–3: Measuring Visual Reversals in Children as Symptoms of Learning Disability and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract

The purpose of this research was to establish new norms for the Jordan–3 for children ages 5 to 18 years. The research also investigated the frequency of visual reversals in children previously identified as having reading disability, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and broader learning disabilities. Participants were regular education students, ages 5 through 18 years, and special education students previously diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, reading disability, or broader learning disability. Jordan–3 Accuracy and Error raw scores were compared to assess if there was a significant difference between the two groups. Mean Accuracy and Error scores were compared for males and females. Children with learning disability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder had higher reversals when compared to regular education children, which lends continued support to the Jordan–3 as a valid and reliable measure of visual reversals in children and adolescents. This study illustrates the utility of the Jordan–3 when assessing children who may require remediation to reach their academic potential.