Psychometric evaluation of the electronic faces thermometer scale for pain assessment in children 8–17 years old: A study protocol

Author:

Castor C.1ORCID,Björk M.2ORCID,Bai J.3ORCID,Berlin H.4ORCID,Kristjansdottir G.5,Kristjansdottir O.5,Hansson H.67,Höök A.8,Stenström P.910ORCID,Nilsson S.111ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden

2. The CHILD Research Group, Department of Nursing, School of Health and Welfare Jönköping University Jönköping Sweden

3. Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing Emory University Atlanta Georgia USA

4. Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Odontology Malmö University Malmö Sweden

5. Faculty of Nursing, School of Health Science University of Iceland Reykjavik Iceland

6. Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet Copenhagen Denmark

7. Department of Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark

8. Division of Anaesthetics and Sensory Organs Speciality Surgery Linköping University Hospital Linköping Sweden

9. Department of Pediatric Surgery Skåne University Hospital, Lund University Lund Sweden

10. Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Lund University Lund Sweden

11. Institute of Health and Care Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden

Abstract

AbstractIt is often a challenge for a child to communicate their pain, and their possibilities to do so should be strengthened in healthcare settings. Digital self‐assessment provides a potential solution for person‐centered care in pain management and promotes child participation when a child is ill. A child's perception of pain assessment differs when it is assessed using digital or analog formats. As we move into the digital era, there is an urgent need to validate digital pain assessment tools, including the newly developed electronic Faces Thermometer Scale (eFTS). This study protocol describes three studies with the overall aim to evaluate psychometric properties of the eFTS for assessing pain in children 8–17 years of age. A multi‐site project design combining quantitative and qualitative methods will be used for three observational studies. Study 1: 100 Swedish‐speaking children will report the level of anticipated pain from vignettes describing painful situations in four levels of pain and a think‐aloud method will be used for data collection. Data will be analyzed with phenomenography as well as descriptive and comparative statistics. Study 2: 600 children aged 8–17 years at pediatric and dental settings in Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and USA will be included. Children will assess their pain intensity due to medical or dental procedures, surgery, or acute pain using three different pain Scales for each time point; the eFTS, the Faces Pain Scale Revised, and the Coloured Analogue Scale. Descriptive and comparative statistics will be used, with subanalysis taking cultural context into consideration. Study 3: A subgroup of 20 children out of these 600 children will be purposely included in an interview to describe experiences of grading their own pain using the eFTS. Qualitative data will be analyzed with content analysis. Our pilot studies showed high level of adherence to the study procedure and rendered only a small revision of background questionnaires. Preliminary analysis indicated that the instruments are adequate to be used by children and that the analysis plan is feasible. A digital pain assessment tool contributes to an increase in pain assessment in pediatric care. The Medical Research Council framework for complex interventions in healthcare supports a thorough development of a new scale. By evaluating psychometric properties in several settings by both qualitative and quantitative methods, the eFTS will become a well‐validated tool to strengthen the child's voice within healthcare.

Funder

Barncancerfonden

Fredrik och Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse

Publisher

Wiley

Subject

General Medicine

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