Affiliation:
1. Department of Neurology Bharati Vidyapeeth University Medical College Pune Pune India
2. Internal Medicine Al‐Kindy College of Medicine University of Baghdad Baghdad Iraq
3. Internal Medicine, Travancore Medical College Kollam India
4. Internal Medicine, Government Medical College Chennai India
5. Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester New York USA
6. Internal Medicine, Maharajgunj Medical Campus Tribhuvan University Kathmandu Nepal
7. Internal Medicine, B.J. Medical College Ahmedabad India
8. Department of Neurology Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine Roanoke Virginia USA
9. Internal Medicine, Al Manhal Academy Khartoum Sudan
Abstract
AbstractBackgroundPrimary‐progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) are two frequent multiple sclerosis (MS) subtypes that involve 10%–15% of patients. PPMS progresses slowly and is diagnosed later in life. Both subtypes are influenced by genetic and environmental factors such as smoking, obesity, and vitamin D insufficiency. Although there is no cure, ocrelizumab can reduce symptoms and delay disease development. RRMS is an autoimmune disease that causes inflammation, demyelination, and disability. Early detection, therapy, and lifestyle changes are critical. This study delves into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the usefulness of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients of PPMS.MethodIn search of published literature providing up‐to‐date information on PPMS and RRMS, this review conducted numerous searches in databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and Scopus. We looked into genetics, immunology, biomarkers, current breakthroughs in neuroimaging, and the role of ocrelizumab in refractory cases.ResultsOur comprehensive analysis found considerable advances in genetics, immunology, biomarkers, neuroimaging, and the efficacy of ocrelizumab in the treatment of refractory patients.ConclusionEarly detection, timely intervention, and the adoption of lifestyle modifications play pivotal roles in enhancing treatment outcomes. Notably, ocrelizumab has demonstrated potential in symptom control and mitigating the rate of disease advancement, further underscoring its clinical significance in the management of MS.
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