N‐Pyrazolyl‐ and N‐Triazolylamines and ‐Ureas as Antileishmanial and Antitrypanosomal Drugs

Abstract

AbstractThree types of modifications of antileishmanial pyrazole lead compounds 7 and 8 were conducted to expand understanding of the relationships between structural features and antileishmanial/antitrypanosomal activity: (1) the pyrazole core was retained or replaced by a 1,2,4‐triazole ring; (2) various aryl moieties including 2‐fluorophenyl, pyridin‐3‐yl and pyrazin‐2‐yl rings were attached at 3‐position of the core azole; (3) either arylmethylamino or ureido substituents were introduced at 5‐position of the azole core. The synthesis followed established routes starting with esters 9 or 15 and anhydride 21. The synthesized 3‐arylpyrazoles and 3‐aryl‐1,2,4‐triazoles had only very low antileishmanial activity. The 2‐fluorophenyl‐substituted pyrazole 18c revealed the highest antileishmanial activity of this series of compounds, but its IC50 value (20 μM) still indicates low activity. However, low micromolar antitrypanosomal activity was detected for the pyridin‐3‐yl‐substituted pyrazoles 12b (IC50=4.7 μM) and 14a (IC50=2.1 μM). Their IC50 values are comparable with the IC50 values of the reference compounds benznidazole and nifurtimox. Whereas only low unspecific cytotoxicity at the primary peritoneal mouse macrophages (PMM) was detected, considerable cytotoxicity at MRC‐5 human fibroblast cells was found for both pyrazoles 12b an 14a. The activity of pyrazole 12b against T. cruzi is 4‐fold higher than its unspecific MRC‐5 cytotoxicity.