Repurposing Artificial Intelligence Tools for Disease Modeling: Case Study of Face Recognition Deficits in Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Face recognition deficits occur in diseases such as prosopagnosia, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and dementias. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether degrading the architecture of artificial intelligence (AI) face recognition algorithms can model deficits in diseases. Two established face recognition models, convolutional‐classification neural network (C‐CNN) and Siamese network (SN), were trained on the FEI faces data set (~ 14 images/person for 200 persons). The trained networks were perturbed by reducing weights (weakening) and node count (lesioning) to emulate brain tissue dysfunction and lesions, respectively. Accuracy assessments were used as surrogates for face recognition deficits. The findings were compared with clinical outcomes from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) data set. Face recognition accuracy decreased gradually for weakening factors less than 0.55 for C‐CNN, and 0.85 for SN. Rapid accuracy loss occurred at higher values. C‐CNN accuracy was similarly affected by weakening any convolutional layer whereas SN accuracy was more sensitive to weakening of the first convolutional layer. SN accuracy declined gradually with a rapid drop when nearly all nodes were lesioned. C‐CNN accuracy declined rapidly when as few as 10% of nodes were lesioned. CNN and SN were more sensitive to lesioning of the first convolutional layer. Overall, SN was more robust than C‐CNN, and the findings from SN experiments were concordant with ADNI results. As predicted from modeling, brain network failure quotient was related to key clinical outcome measures for cognition and functioning. Perturbation of AI networks is a promising method for modeling disease progression effects on complex cognitive outcomes.