A Comparative Study of the Effects of Different Crosslinking Methods on the Physicochemical Properties of Collagen Multifilament Bundles

Abstract

AbstractCrosslinking is usually required to improve the mechanical properties and stability of collagen‐based scaffolds. Introducing exogenous crosslinks into collagen may however affect the collagen structure. Since the architecture of collagen is tied to its functionality, it is important to study the effect of crosslinking and to select a crosslinking method that preserves both the collagen structure and mechanical properties. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of various crosslinking methods on the structure and mechanical properties of bioartificial tendon‐like materials (collagen multifilament bundles) fabricated by contact drawing. We examine both physical (ultraviolet light, UVC) and chemical (genipin, carbodiimide (EDC), and glutaraldehyde) crosslinking methods. The presence of collagen and the formation of well‐ordered collagen structures are confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier‐transform infrared spectromicroscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering for all crosslinking methods. The morphology of the collagen multifilament bundles is similar across crosslinking methods. Swelling of the multifilament bundles is dramatically reduced following crosslinking and varies by crosslinking method, with genipin‐ and carbodiimide‐crosslinked specimens swelling the least. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus significantly improve for all crosslinked specimens compared to non‐crosslinked specimens. Glutaraldehyde crosslinked collagen multifilament bundles display the highest UTS values ranging from 33.82±0.0 MPa to 45.59±0.76 MPa.