1. Department of Cardiology Hirakata Kohsai Hospital 1‐2‐1, Fujisakashigashimachi, Hirakata‐shi Osaka 573‐0153 Japan
2. Department of Preventive Services, School of Public Health Kyoto University Kyoto Japan
3. Department of Rehabilitation Hirakata Kohsai Hospital Osaka Japan
4. Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine Osaka University Osaka Japan