In‐tube solid‐phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from refinery water samples using UiO‐66/polyacrylonitrile electrospun nanofibers followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection

Abstract

A simple and quick fiber‐in‐tube solid‐phase microextraction (FIT‐SPME) was introduced for the extraction and determination of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons followed by a high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detector in refinery water samples. For this purpose, a water‐resistant metal‐organic framework with a high surface area called UiO‐66 has been applied in the form of an electrospun coating on stainless steel wires. After that, all the fibers were packed in the lumen of a stainless‐steel tube to make the extraction phase. Both one variable at a time and experimental design methods have been used to optimize effective parameters on FIT‐SPME. Under optimum conditions, the method demonstrated good linearity between 0.5 and 1000.0 µg/L with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.9906. Furthermore, the limits of detection values ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 µg/L. The intra‐day and inter‐day relative standard deviations were < 8.4% and < 9.7%, respectively. Lastly, the proposed method was applied to extract and determine analytes in four refinery water samples as well as surface water containing high total dissolved solids, and well waters where satisfactory results have been obtained.