Steroid hormone imbalance drives macrophage infiltration and Spp1/osteopontin+ foam cell differentiation in the prostate

Abstract

AbstractBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) occurs progressively with aging in men and drives deteriorating symptoms collectively known as lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Age‐associated changes in circulating steroid hormones, and prostate inflammation have been postulated in the etiology of BPH/LUTS. The link between hormones and inflammation in the development of BPH/LUTS is conflicting because they may occur independently or as sequential steps in disease pathogenesis. This study aimed to decipher the prostatic immune landscape in a mouse model of lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD). Steroid hormone imbalance was generated by the surgical implantation of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) pellets into male C57BL/6J mice and gene expression analysis was performed on ventral prostates (VPs). These experiments identified an increase in the expression of macrophage markers and Spp1/osteopontin (OPN). Localization studies of OPN pinpointed that OPN+ macrophages travel to the prostate lumen and transition into lipid‐accumulating foam cells. We also observed a significant increase in the number of tissue macrophages in the VP which was prevented in OPN‐knockout (OPN‐KO) mice. In contrast, mast cells, but not macrophages, were significantly elevated in the dorsal prostate of T + E2‐treated mice which was diminished in OPN‐KO mice. Steroid hormone implantation progressively increased urinary frequency, which was ameliorated in OPN‐KO mice. Our study underscores the role of age‐associated steroid hormone imbalances as a mechanism of expanding the prostatic macrophage population, their luminal translocation, and foam cell differentiation. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.