Affiliation:
1. Department of Emergency Medicine The Ohio State University Columbus Ohio USA
2. Department of Biostatistics Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health The University of Arizona Tucson Arizona USA
3. Department of Emergency Medicine The University of Arizona College of Medicine‐Phoenix Phoenix Arizona USA
4. Division of Trauma, Burns and Critical Care Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham Alabama USA
5. Department of Emergency Medicine The University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson Arizona USA
Abstract
AbstractObjectivesTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is an important public health problem resulting in significant death and disability. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel often provide initial treatment for TBI, but only limited data describe the long‐term course and outcomes of this care. We sought to characterize changes in neurologic status among adults with TBI patients enrolled in the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium Hypertonic Saline (ROC‐HS) trial.MethodsWe used data from the TBI cohort of the ROC‐HS trial. The trial included adults with TBI, with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤8, and excluded those with shock (systolic blood pressure [SBP] ≤70 or SBP 71–90 with a heart rate [HR] ≥108). The primary outcome was Glasgow Outcome Scale–Extended (GOS‐E; 1 = dead, 8 = no disability) determined at (a) hospital discharge and (b) 6‐month follow‐up. We assessed changes in GOS‐E between hospital discharge and 6‐month follow‐up using descriptive statistics and Sankey graphs.ResultsAmong 1279 TBI included in the analysis, GOS‐E categories at hospital discharge were as follows: favorable (GOS‐E 5–8) 220 (17.2%), unfavorable (GOS‐E 2–4) 664 (51.9%), dead (GOS‐E 1) 321 (25.1%), and missing 74 (5.8%). GOS‐E categories at 6‐month follow‐up were as follows: favorable 459 (35.9%), unfavorable 279 (21.8%), dead 346 (27.1%), and missing 195 (15.2%). Among initial TBI survivors with complete GOS‐E, >96% followed one of three neurologic recovery patterns: (1) favorable to favorable (20.0%), (2) unfavorable to favorable (40.3%), and (3) unfavorable to unfavorable (36.0%). Few patients deteriorated from favorable to unfavorable neurologic status, and there were few additional deaths.ConclusionsAmong TBI receiving initial prehospital care in the ROC‐HS trial, changes in 6‐month neurologic status followed distinct patterns. Among TBI with unfavorable neurologic status at hospital discharge, almost half improved to favorable neurologic status at 6 months. Among those with favorable neurologic status at discharge, very few worsened or died at 6 months. These findings have important implications for TBI clinical care, research, and trial design.