1. Vertebral column and thorax;Schultz;Primatologia,1961
2. Tail loss in Proconsul heseloni;Nakatsukasa;J Hum Evol,2004
3. Proconsul did not have a tail;Ward;J Hum Evol,1991
4. Russo GA 2013 Functional morphology of mammalian sacra and caudal vertebrae: implications for tail loss and positional behaviors in extinct primates