As‐Needed Pilocarpine for Radiation‐Induced Xerostomia in Head and Neck Cancers

Abstract

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of as‐needed pilocarpine for the management of radiation‐induced xerostomia. Additionally, the study sought to assess the side effects associated with an as‐needed regimen.MethodsA randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled crossover study was conducted on patients who had undergone radiation therapy for head and neck cancers and developed xerostomia. Participants took pilocarpine or placebo as needed for symptom relief at 2 weeks per treatment, which included a one‐week washout period. The primary outcome measure was the severity of dry mouth symptoms, quantified using the Xerostomia Inventory (XI). The primary outcome was the change in the XI score.ResultsAmong the 20 participants who completed the crossover study, there was a significant reduction in XI scores during the treatment phase with pilocarpine compared to the scores during the placebo phase. The mean difference in XI scores was −18.05 (95% CI: −17.17, −6.13, p < 0.001), with a−49.77 ± 3.22% change (p < 0.001). Only one participant withdrew due to pilocarpine side effects.ConclusionAs‐needed pilocarpine administration is effective in relieving symptoms of radiation‐induced xerostomia, with fewer side effects and reduced treatment costs compared to fixed‐dose regimens. This study guides the potential shift toward flexible dosing strategies in clinical practice, promoting enhanced patient‐centered, tailored care and adherence.Level of EvidenceLevel 2. According to the Oxford Center for Evidence‐Based Medicine 2011 level of evidence guidelines Laryngoscope, 2024