Modelling and simulation of thermal runaway phenomenon in lithium‐ion batteries

Abstract

AbstractTo improve the operational time of electronic devices and the driving spectra of electric cars, multiple investigation missions regarding batteries are focussed on refining the energy capacity of batteries. However, this pursuit of better performance introduces potential risks, such as fire incidents, due to the use of dynamic materials in lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to enhance their electrochemical performance. These fire incidents have resulted in financial losses and raised safety concerns. One common type of battery failure, called thermal runaway (TR), takes place when the rate of heat discharge from internal chain reactions accelerates the level of external cooling. This study aims to model and comprehensively analyse the phenomenon of TR in LIBs by investigating its underlying physics.To conduct this research systematically, a mathematical framework of heat transfer from existing literature has been employed as a foundation to come up with a novel framework specifically for LIBs built on the ideas of Semenov's equation. The established model associates both thermal and mass balance aspects, with the consideration of response kinetics including other heat transfer modes (convective and radiation). Range–Kutta technique is used to unravel the model's equations instantaneously using MATLAB. Consequently, the impact of model factors on the thermal performance of LIBs has been evaluated. The outcomes of the study reveal that when an increase in activation temperature occurs, a decrease in peak temperature is followed whilst constant circumstances are ensured. This implies that more time is needed in order for the temperature to reach its maximum. Furthermore, the simulation demonstrated that any growth in the body capacity of the battery for absorbing heat during the reaction results in a higher maximum temperature. Heat convection is found to have a greater impact on the occurrence of TR in LIBs compared to heat radiation. For improved accuracy in calculating LIBs TR, an accurate kinetic model could be utilised in future research endeavours.